Translate reference/introduction (#1175)

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* modifications per review from rockleon and matt

* modify: Matt's suggestions on 12/15

Author: JunliXiao

reference/introduction.po

@@ -7,15 +7,16 @@ msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: Python 3.14\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
 "POT-Creation-Date: 2025-09-08 15:25+0800\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2017-09-22 18:27+0000\n"
-"Last-Translator: Liang-Bo Wang <me@liang2.tw>\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2025-12-18 12:35+0800\n"
+"Last-Translator: Junli Xiao <kaifrankwind@gmail.com>\n"
 "Language-Team: Chinese - TAIWAN (https://github.com/python/python-docs-zh-"
 "tw)\n"
 "Language: zh_TW\n"
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
 "Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+"X-Generator: Poedit 3.8\n"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:6
 msgid "Introduction"
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ msgstr "簡介"
 msgid ""
 "This reference manual describes the Python programming language. It is not "
 "intended as a tutorial."
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "這份參考手冊將會描述 Python 的程式語言特性，而非用於教學。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:11
 msgid ""
@@ -41,6 +42,13 @@ msgid ""
 "like to see a more formal definition of the language, maybe you could "
 "volunteer your time --- or invent a cloning machine :-)."
 msgstr ""
+"在我想要盡可能精確表達的同時，除了語法和詞法分析部分，我仍選擇使用英語來描述"
+"這些特性，而不是透過形式化的規格。如此一來，這份文件對於一般讀者來說將更容易"
+"理解，只是某些意思表達會有模糊之處。因此，如果你是來自火星，並想要僅僅藉由這"
+"份文件來重新實作 Python，你可能有些時候必須猜測做出判斷——事實上，你很有可能實"
+"作出一個不同的語言。另一方面，如果你已經在使用 Python，並且好奇這個語言的某個"
+"特定領域的精確規則為何，那麼你一定能在這份手冊裡找到它們。而如果你想要看到關"
+"於這語言更形式化的一個定義，也許你可以自告奮勇——或是發明一台複製機器。:-)"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:23
 msgid ""
@@ -53,6 +61,11 @@ msgid ""
 "implementation imposes additional limitations. Therefore, you'll find short "
 "\"implementation notes\" sprinkled throughout the text."
 msgstr ""
+"在一份語言的參考文件中加入太多實作細節，是很危險的——這些細節將來可能變化，同"
+"一個語言的其他實作也可能有不一樣的運作方式。然而，CPython 是一個廣泛使用的 "
+"Python 實作（儘管其他可選的實作也在持續得到更多支持），而有時候它的一些特別古"
+"怪之處確實值得提及，尤其當那樣的實作作法帶來了額外限制。基於這個原因，手冊內"
+"你會發現簡短的實作細節說明散落在各處。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:32
 msgid ""
@@ -61,21 +74,25 @@ msgid ""
 "modules are mentioned when they interact in a significant way with the "
 "language definition."
 msgstr ""
+"每一個 Python 實作都附帶內建模組和標準模組。它們都被記錄於 :ref:`library-"
+"index` 文件中。一些內建模組因為和語言定義有深刻的交互影響，之後也將提及。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:41
 msgid "Alternate Implementations"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "可選實作"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:43
 msgid ""
 "Though there is one Python implementation which is by far the most popular, "
 "there are some alternate implementations which are of particular interest to "
 "different audiences."
 msgstr ""
+"儘管已有一個 Python 實作是目前最廣為流傳，仍存在其他種類的實作適合不同需求的"
+"族群所使用。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:47
 msgid "Known implementations include:"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "知名的實作如下："
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:49
 msgid "CPython"
@@ -86,6 +103,8 @@ msgid ""
 "This is the original and most-maintained implementation of Python, written "
 "in C. New language features generally appear here first."
 msgstr ""
+"以 C 語言開發，是 Python 一開始的實作，同時也是維護程度最好的。新的語言功能通"
+"常會先在這裡問世。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:53
 msgid "Jython"
@@ -99,10 +118,13 @@ msgid ""
 "libraries. More information can be found at `the Jython website <https://"
 "www.jython.org/>`_."
 msgstr ""
+"基於 Java 所實作的 Python。這個實作可以作為針對 Java 應用程式的腳本語言，或是"
+"用它來從 Java 函式庫建立應用程式。它也經常用於撰寫 Java 函式庫的測試。如需更"
+"多資訊，請參閱 `Jython 網站 <https://www.jython.org/>`_。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:59
 msgid "Python for .NET"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "Python for .NET"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:60
 msgid ""
@@ -111,6 +133,9 @@ msgid ""
 "by Brian Lloyd.  For more information, see the `Python for .NET home page "
 "<https://pythonnet.github.io/>`_."
 msgstr ""
+"這個實作實際上使用 CPython 的實作內容，但它是託管式的 .NET 應用程式，也使"
+"得 .NET 函式庫可用。它是由 Brian Lloyd 所設計。如需更多資訊，請參閱 "
+"`Python.NET 首頁 <https://pythonnet.github.io/>`_。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:65
 msgid "IronPython"
@@ -124,6 +149,10 @@ msgid ""
 "For more information, see `the IronPython website <https://ironpython.net/"
 ">`_."
 msgstr ""
+"另一個基於 .NET 的 Python 實作選項。不像 Python.NET，這是一個會產出中繼語言 "
+"(IL) 的完整 Python 實作，並會將 Python 程式碼直接編譯為 .NET 組件。它由 "
+"Jython 的原始設計者 Jim Hugunin 所設計。如需更多資訊，請參閱 `IronPython 網"
+"站 <https://ironpython.net/>`_。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:71
 msgid "PyPy"
@@ -139,6 +168,9 @@ msgid ""
 "information is available on `the PyPy project's home page <https://pypy.org/"
 ">`_."
 msgstr ""
+"一個完全透過 Python 來撰寫的 Python 實作。它有一些其他實作所沒有的進階特性，"
+"像是它支援無堆疊 Python 以及採用即時編譯器。額外資訊可參閱 `PyPy 專案網站 "
+"<https://pypy.org/>`_。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:79
 msgid ""
@@ -148,10 +180,13 @@ msgid ""
 "implementation-specific documentation to determine what else you need to "
 "know about the specific implementation you're using."
 msgstr ""
+"上述每一個實作都和這份手冊裡所描述的 Python 語言有些許不同，可能需要特定的、"
+"在標準 Python 文件涵蓋內容以外的資訊才能掌握。如果在使用它們時有需要瞭解更"
+"多，請參閱特定實作的相關文件。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:89
 msgid "Notation"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "標示法"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:93
 msgid ""
@@ -160,6 +195,9 @@ msgid ""
 "Extended_Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form>`_ and `PEG <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
 "Parsing_expression_grammar>`_. For example:"
 msgstr ""
+"為了描述詞法分析和語法，我使用了混合 `EBNF <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
+"Extended_Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form>`_  和 `PEG <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
+"Parsing_expression_grammar>`_ 的文法標記系統。例如："
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:106
 msgid ""
@@ -169,55 +207,70 @@ msgid ""
 "through ``'z'`` and ``A`` through ``Z``; a ``digit`` is a single character "
 "from ``0`` to ``9``."
 msgstr ""
+"在這個例子裡，第一行說明 ``name`` 是由一個 ``letter`` 接續零或多個 "
+"``letter``、``digit`` 或底線所組成。而 ``letter`` 則是 ``'a'`` 到 ``'z'``、"
+"``A`` 到 ``Z`` 之中任一個單一字元；``digit`` 是 ``0`` 到 ``9`` 之中的單一字"
+"元。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:112
 msgid ""
 "Each rule begins with a name (which identifies the rule that's being "
 "defined) followed by a colon, ``:``. The definition to the right of the "
 "colon uses the following syntax elements:"
 msgstr ""
+"每一條規則的開頭即規則名稱（用來識別被定義的規則），接著一個分號 ``:``。分號"
+"右側是由下列語法元素所構成的規則定義 ："
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:116
 msgid ""
 "``name``: A name refers to another rule. Where possible, it is a link to the "
 "rule's definition."
 msgstr ""
+"``name``：表示另一條規則的名稱。只要可行，它也會是一個連到規則定義的連結。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:119
 msgid ""
 "``TOKEN``: An uppercase name refers to a :term:`token`. For the purposes of "
 "grammar definitions, tokens are the same as rules."
 msgstr ""
+"``TOKEN``：大寫的名稱代表的是 :term:`token`。就這裡文法定義的目的而言，token "
+"和規則的意義是相同的。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:122
 msgid ""
 "``\"text\"``, ``'text'``: Text in single or double quotes must match "
 "literally (without the quotes). The type of quote is chosen according to the "
 "meaning of ``text``:"
 msgstr ""
+"``\"text\"``、``'text'``：單引號或雙引號內的文字必須完全相符，不含外面的引"
+"號。依據 ``text`` 的意義，會決定使用何種引號 ："
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:126
 msgid "``'if'``: A name in single quotes denotes a :ref:`keyword <keywords>`."
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "``'if'``：單引號內的文字為 :ref:`關鍵字 <keywords>`。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:127
 msgid ""
 "``\"case\"``: A name in double quotes denotes a :ref:`soft-keyword <soft-"
 "keywords>`."
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "``\"case\"``：雙引號內的文字為 :ref:`軟關鍵字 <soft-keywords>`。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:129
 msgid ""
 "``'@'``: A non-letter symbol in single quotes denotes "
 "an :py:data:`~token.OP` token, that is, a :ref:`delimiter <delimiters>` "
 "or :ref:`operator <operators>`."
 msgstr ""
+"``'@'``：單引號內的非字母（非 ``letter``）符號為 :py:data:`~token.OP` token，"
+"也就是 :ref:`分隔符號 <delimiters>` 或 :ref:`運算子 <operators>`。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:133
 msgid ""
 "``e1 e2``: Items separated only by whitespace denote a sequence. Here, "
 "``e1`` must be followed by ``e2``."
 msgstr ""
+"``e1 e2``：僅由空白所開的多個項目代表一個序列。這裡，``e1`` 之後必須以 "
+"``e2`` 接續。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:135
 msgid ""
@@ -226,43 +279,51 @@ msgid ""
 "traditional PEG grammars, this is written as a slash, ``/``, rather than a "
 "vertical bar. See :pep:`617` for more background and details."
 msgstr ""
+"``e1 | e2``：垂直槓符號用來隔開可匹配的項目。它代表 PEG 的「有序選擇」——如果 "
+"``e1`` 已匹配，那麼 ``e2`` 便不考慮。在傳統的 PEG 文法裡，使用的是斜線 ``/`` "
+"而非垂直槓。如需更多背景細節，可參考 :pep:`617`。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:141
 msgid "``e*``: A star means zero or more repetitions of the preceding item."
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "``e*``：星號表示星號前的項目重複零次或多次。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:142
 msgid "``e+``: Likewise, a plus means one or more repetitions."
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "``e+``：同樣方式，加號表示重複一次或多次。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:143
 msgid ""
 "``[e]``: A phrase enclosed in square brackets means zero or one occurrences. "
 "In other words, the enclosed phrase is optional."
 msgstr ""
+"``[e]``：以方括號包圍的元素意謂零次或一次。換句話說，方括號裡的元素為選擇性"
+"的。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:145
 msgid ""
 "``e?``: A question mark has exactly the same meaning as square brackets: the "
 "preceding item is optional."
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "``e?``：問號的用途和方括號一樣，表示問號前的項目是選擇性的。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:147
 msgid "``(e)``: Parentheses are used for grouping."
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "``(e)``：括號用於分組。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:149
 msgid ""
 "The following notation is only used in :ref:`lexical definitions <notation-"
 "lexical-vs-syntactic>`."
 msgstr ""
+"以下的表示法僅會用於\\ :ref:`詞法定義 <notation-lexical-vs-syntactic>`。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:152
 msgid ""
 "``\"a\"...\"z\"``: Two literal characters separated by three dots mean a "
 "choice of any single character in the given (inclusive) range of ASCII "
 "characters."
 msgstr ""
+"``\"a\"...\"z\"``：兩個字面值字元由三個點隔開，表示在此界定範圍內（含）任一"
+"個 ASCII 字元皆合文法。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:154
 msgid ""
@@ -271,48 +332,56 @@ msgid ""
 "\">``), or an abbreviation that is defined in nearby text (for example, "
 "``<Lu>``)."
 msgstr ""
+"``<...>``：角括號內的文字片語是對匹配符號（例如，``<除了 \"\\\" 以外的任何 "
+"ASCII 字元>``）的非正式說明，或是在附近段落有解釋的縮寫（例如 ``<Lu>``）。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:160
 msgid ""
 "Some definitions also use *lookaheads*, which indicate that an element must "
 "(or must not) match at a given position, but without consuming any input:"
 msgstr ""
+"有些定義會採用\\ *預查*\\ 作法，也就是指定位置的元素必須（或必須不）匹配，但"
+"不消耗任何輸入："
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:163
 msgid "``&e``: a positive lookahead (that is, ``e`` is required to match)"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "``&e``：正向預查，也就是 ``e`` 必須匹配"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:164
 msgid ""
 "``!e``: a negative lookahead (that is, ``e`` is required *not* to match)"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "``!e``：負向預查，也就是 ``e`` 必須\\ *不匹配*"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:166
 msgid ""
 "The unary operators (``*``, ``+``, ``?``) bind as tightly as possible; the "
 "vertical bar (``|``) binds most loosely."
 msgstr ""
+"一元運算子（``*``、``+``、``?``）跟元素的繫結關係最緊密；垂直槓 (``|``) 的則"
+"最鬆散。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:169
 msgid "White space is only meaningful to separate tokens."
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "空格的用途只在於隔開 token。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:171
 msgid ""
 "Rules are normally contained on a single line, but rules that are too long "
 "may be wrapped:"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "通常而言，規則長度都在一行以內，但太長的規則也可以換行表示："
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:180
 msgid ""
 "Alternatively, rules may be formatted with the first line ending at the "
 "colon, and each alternative beginning with a vertical bar on a new line. For "
 "example:"
 msgstr ""
+"或者，規則可以呈現為第一行以分號結束，而每一種可匹配選項皆在新一行以垂直槓開"
+"頭表示。例如："
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:195
 msgid "This does *not* mean that there is an empty first alternative."
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "這\\ *不代表*\\ 一開始有一個空白匹配選項。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:202
 msgid "Lexical and Syntactic definitions"
@@ -327,6 +396,10 @@ msgid ""
 "some cases the exact boundary between the two phases is a CPython "
 "implementation detail."
 msgstr ""
+"*詞法* (lexical) 和\\ *語法* (syntactic) 分析是有一些差異的：:term:`lexical "
+"analyzer` 處理的對象是輸入來源的各個字元，而\\ *剖析器* （語法分析器）處理的"
+"則是詞法分析產生的 :term:`tokens <token>` 串流。然而在某些時候，這兩個階段的"
+"確切分界會是 CPython 實作細節的問題。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:211
 msgid ""
@@ -336,13 +409,20 @@ msgid ""
 "like :data:`token.INDENT` or :data:`~token.NEWLINE`. *Syntactic* definitions "
 "then use these tokens, rather than source characters."
 msgstr ""
+"實務上，這兩個的差異在於：在\\ *詞法*\\ 定義裡，任何空格都是有影響的。詞法分"
+"析器\\ :ref:`捨棄 <whitespace>`\\了那些無法轉換成 token（例"
+"如 :data:`token.INDENT` 或 :data:`~token.NEWLINE`）的空白。*語法*\\ 定義才接"
+"著處理這些 tokens，而非來源字元。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:217
 msgid ""
 "This documentation uses the same BNF grammar for both styles of definitions. "
 "All uses of BNF in the next chapter (:ref:`lexical`) are lexical "
 "definitions; uses in subsequent chapters are syntactic definitions."
 msgstr ""
+"這份手冊裡不管是為了定義還是風格表現，都使用了同樣的 BNF 文法。在下一個章節"
+"（:ref:`lexical`）裡所有 BNF 的使用都是詞法定義；在那之後的章節裡則是語法定"
+"義。"
 
 #: ../../reference/introduction.rst:91
 msgid "BNF"